Have you ever seen a champagne glass tower? They are a sight to behold. A giant pyramid of stacked crystal champagne flutes usually fill a ballroom as a bottle of fine champagne is poured in the top glass and sparkles as it flows down the tower slowly filling the other glasses.
Saving is very similar. Imagine the myriad of places – all the various accounts – now available to save money. It’s hard to know where to put anything. But if you think of it like a champagne glass tower, it can make it much simpler.
Different types of accounts are taxed in different ways, so it can be helpful to put them in order of their tax advantages and then start “filling” your top account. As you either hit the limits or achieve your own targets, you can start filling other accounts. As your income and savings grow, you’ll start having a nice, diversified portfolio of accounts available for different times and different needs.
For example, let’s imagine that the top glass is your emergency fund. Once you have a nice little emergency fund set up, it probably makes sense to take advantage of the retirement account at your employer (likely a 401(k) or a 403(b)). Imagine your employer retirement plan as the next level of champagne glasses. Not only is the money that you contribute tax deductible now, but it grows tax deferred which means you won’t have to pay taxes on it until you start taking it out. Of course, an employer match is a nice kicker too.
The next layer of glasses includes other types of retirement accounts. Like a Roth IRA. You don’t get a tax deduction now, but it grows tax free. Withdrawals in retirement are tax free too. And you don’t have to wait until you hit the maximum annual contribution limit in your 401(k) of $18,000 in 2017 (or $24,000 if you’re 50 or older) before you open a Roth. Some people will start a Roth even while they’re using a 401(k).
Roth IRAs have limits, too ($5,500 per year per person under age 50). So if you find yourself looking for additional places to put your money, great job! Your next layer of savings could include purpose-designed accounts, like college or health savings accounts. These can also be tax deductible and tax free when used for their designated purpose. In the case of health savings account, if there’s money left at retirement, you don’t lose it, but the distributions may be taxable at that time. Still, you can have many years of tax deferred growth!
Another layer includes programs that are more rare such as deferred compensation and self-employed retirement plans. Some of these plans allow you to put away larger amounts of your income and defer taxes until retirement. However, they are dependent on what your employer offers.
So, let’s say you’re using all of that and still have money. At this point, annuities and even life insurance are additional layers or options to consider. Annuities can be funded with after-tax contributions but will grow tax deferred. Once you reach the normal retirement age (59½), you can withdraw money. Even then, only the growth portion will be taxed. Cash value and permanent life insurance policies can work in a similar way.
Still need more? Certain types of investments can be tax exempt. Interest on some municipal bonds can be federal tax exempt. It may also be exempt from state and local taxes depending on the specific bond.
I’m sure you get the idea by now. There are a lot of places that can help you avoid taxes along your savings journey. It can be a great strategy to take advantage of these choices as they’re available. As you fill each of these categories, you’ll probably find yourself naturally looking for the next best option. Whether you want to get started with your 401(k) or think you’re out of places to put your money, a discussion with your financial coach might be helpful for finding your next layer of champagne glasses. Cheers!